KRAUWINCKEL, HANS (Germ.). One of the best known Nuremberg Counter-manufacturers of the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. His name. occurs in various forms on his issues : HANNS - KRAVWINCKEL - IN - NVR ; — HANNSKRA V WINCKEL - IN- NVRENB ; — HANNS. - KRAVWINCKEL - IN - NV; — HANNS KRAVWINCKEL BIN ICH BEKONT, &c.;— HANS KRAVWINC KEL NVRENBER ; — H. K. ; — H. KRAVWI; — H. KRAV ; — HK, &c. Neumann describes no less than ninety-two varieties of Counters by this maker (Vol. V, nos 32222-32314); some are dated 1588, 1589, 1601, 1605, 1610, 1611, &c. Hans Krauwinckel's counters bear legends in Latin, German, French, failing sometimes in orthography, now religious in their meaning, now profane, as : GOTTES SEGEN MACHT REICH — GOTTES GABEN SOLL MAN LOBEN — HEVT RODT MORGENTODT. They represent all sorts of subjects, Alexander the Great, with the inscription : ALEXANDER HANG (!) 1601; Fame; Fortuna Variabilis (!); Adam and Eve R. Christ on the Cross; David and Jonathan; Joab and Amasa; Haman and Mordecai ; Judith; Saul and Samuel; Samuel and David ; the Beast in Revelation; Jupiter and Ganymede; Jupiter and Europa R Pallas, Juno, and Venus; Pluto with Cerberus; Neptune, Hercules, and Pallas ; Mars and Venus; Apollo and Diana, Meleager and Atalanta; Perseus; Caphalus and Procris ; Pyramus and Thisbe; Honos et Virtus; Hannibal; Scipio Africanus; Romulus and Remus; Curtius leaping into the fiery lake ; Popilius, the Roman legate, drawing a circle round Antiochus IV. of Syria; Charles V., of Germany ; Arms of Constantinople, with Portrait of Sultan; Henry IV. of France, on horseback, 1606; Henry IV. and Marie de Medici, with View of Rheims; Bust of Vespasian R. IVD? CAPTA S.C., — but the most common type is the Imperial orb within tressure, or Floral decorations. The execution of most of these pieces is superior to the generality of Nuremberg counters, and accounts for their great success and vogue, which made them sought after even in this country, where they were often circulated as money to supply the dearth of small currency, or used as blanks over which Tradesmen's Tokens were struck. The " Counters" or "jetons" were originated in France in the thirteenth century and were commonly used in that country, Germany, the Netherlands, and in England, from about the time of Henry VIII., for the purpose of reckoning. Snelling gives an interesting account of the manner in which counters were used, viz. by laying them on lines, increasing in their value from the bottom, which is a line of Units; the second, or next above it, is a line of Tens; the third a line of Hundreds, the fourth of Thousands, and so on. A counter laid on the first line is only I, being laid on the second line it is 10, on the third it is a 100, on the fourth it is a 1000, on the fifth it is 10000, &c. A counter laid in the space between the first and second line is 5; between the second and third it is 50; between the third and fourth it is 500; and so on; being in all cases equal to five of those which lay on the line under it, and half of one of those on the line over it. By this contrivance, less room is required to perform the operations in, and they are done by half the number; that is, four counters on each line, and one above it, are sufficient, instead of nine, which would otherwise have been wanted on each line ". He then goes on to describe how additions and subtractions were made. In the Netherlands and Austria, historical counters were given as " Etrennes" every New year ; in France, the Kings were accustomed to present them to officers of their Household, and Public Bodies in their turn to the Kings and Princes of the Blood. One of Hans Krauwinckel's counters represents Queen Elizabeth on horseback R. Shield of France and England, and another, probably by him, bears on obv. a full blown heraldic rose with the cipher of KH (Henry VIII. and Katharine ?) on R. Another bears allusion on R. to the Massacre of the St. Bartholomew (Vide Num. Chronicle, 1896, p. 272). "The counters struck at Nürnberg became current for reckoning in England about 1328, but were forbidden currency by statute in 1335. " (Boyne, Trade Tokens, I, preface xx). Bibliography. — R. Forrer, Nürnberger Rechen-und Spielpfennige, Num. Circ, p. 159. — Snelling, A View of the Origin, Nature, and Design of Jettons or Counters, London, 1769. —
Source: Biographical dictionary of medallists; coin, gem, and seal-engravers, mint-masters, ancient and modern, with references to their works B.C. 500-A.D. 1900; compiled by L. Forrer, London 1904
Source: Biographical dictionary of medallists; coin, gem, and seal-engravers, mint-masters, ancient and modern, with references to their works B.C. 500-A.D. 1900; compiled by L. Forrer, London 1904
KLEINERT, FRIEDRICH
KLEINERT, FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Born at Bartenstein (Prussia), 1633; Silversmith and Coin-dealer at Nuremberg, where he died in 1714, eighty-one years old. He edited a number of medals, which are signed F. K., and was the first in Germany to give his medals, by machinery, a sharp, clearly cut, raised edge, also to inscribe the edges, which was his own speciality. In conjunction with Lazarus Gottlieb Lauffer, Chief-warden of the mint at Nuremberg, and Caspar Gottlieb Lauffer (q. v.) he issued a larg...
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KLEINERT, FRIEDRICH (Germ.). Born at Bartenstein (Prussia), 1633; Silversmith and Coin-dealer at Nuremberg, where he died in 1714, eighty-one years old. He edited a number of medals, which are signed F. K., and was the first in Germany to give his medals, by machinery, a sharp, clearly cut, raised edge, also to inscribe the edges, which was his own speciality. In conjunction with Lazarus Gottlieb Lauffer, Chief-warden of the mint at Nuremberg, and Caspar Gottlieb Lauffer (q. v.) he issued a larg...
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KLEODOROS
KLEODOROS (Greek). Coin-engraver of the beginning of the fourth century B. C. whose signature occurs on Didrachms of Velia, often associated with that of another Velian Artist of the same period, Philistionos. Kleodoros signed some of his productions K?EY??POY. They belong to the finest issues of Velia. Raoul Rochette had already noticed this Engraver's signature and reproduced the charming coin described below, which ranks very high as an artistic work. “ Kleodoros, " says Von Sallet in Künstl...
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KLEODOROS (Greek). Coin-engraver of the beginning of the fourth century B. C. whose signature occurs on Didrachms of Velia, often associated with that of another Velian Artist of the same period, Philistionos. Kleodoros signed some of his productions K?EY??POY. They belong to the finest issues of Velia. Raoul Rochette had already noticed this Engraver's signature and reproduced the charming coin described below, which ranks very high as an artistic work. “ Kleodoros, " says Von Sallet in Künstl...
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KLIMENTOFF, WASSILI
KLIMENTOFF, WASSILI (Russ.). Medallist of the second half of the eighteenth century. Very few medals only are signed B. K. by him and these have erroneously been attributed by Reichel and others to Bernard Koch. There is however no doubt at all that the signature B. K. on Russian medals of this period stands for Bac??i? K??MeHTOB?, or K??MOB? as he is sometimes called. Klimentoff cut the large Memorial medal on the Death of the Empress Elizabeth, which bears his full signature : B. K??MeHTOB?. I...
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KLIMENTOFF, WASSILI (Russ.). Medallist of the second half of the eighteenth century. Very few medals only are signed B. K. by him and these have erroneously been attributed by Reichel and others to Bernard Koch. There is however no doubt at all that the signature B. K. on Russian medals of this period stands for Bac??i? K??MeHTOB?, or K??MOB? as he is sometimes called. Klimentoff cut the large Memorial medal on the Death of the Empress Elizabeth, which bears his full signature : B. K??MeHTOB?. I...
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KLUGE, WILHELM FRIEDRICH
KLUGE, WILHELM FRIEDRICH (French.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist, born at Vienna, now naturalized a Frenchman. He is a pupil of Tasset. At the Salon of 1901, he exhibited a Medal of the Central Protestant Society of Missions, and plaster casts of other medals, and in 1904 a Portrait-medal of H. H. Pope Pius X. Amongst his previous works are: 1886. The French Republic, medal. — 1887. Prize Medal for Athletic Sports ; — 1888. Medal of the General Transatlantic Company ; — 1891. Portrait-med...
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KLUGE, WILHELM FRIEDRICH (French.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist, born at Vienna, now naturalized a Frenchman. He is a pupil of Tasset. At the Salon of 1901, he exhibited a Medal of the Central Protestant Society of Missions, and plaster casts of other medals, and in 1904 a Portrait-medal of H. H. Pope Pius X. Amongst his previous works are: 1886. The French Republic, medal. — 1887. Prize Medal for Athletic Sports ; — 1888. Medal of the General Transatlantic Company ; — 1891. Portrait-med...
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