Who was MAUGER, JEAN?

MAUGER, JEAN (French). Medallist of the second half of the seventeenth century and first quarter of the eighteenth ; probably born at Dieppe about 1648, where he is said to have had his first training as a carver in ivory, which trade was then a flourishing one in that town ; died at Paris on the 9th of September 1722 at the age of seventy-four. Nothing is known of the circumstances which led the artist to settle in Paris, circ. 1677, and later to enter the King's service as an Engraver. B. Duvivier states, however, that he studied under the famous Warin. In Mint documents, Mauger is variously called Graveur des médailles, Médailliste du Rot, and officier médailliste du Roi. By an order of the Court, dated 27. April 1698, he was given an apartment (the seventeenth) in the Louvre Galleries, which on his death fell to the Duviviers, who preserved it until the end of the eighteenth century. Mauger married, some time previous to 1698, Elizabeth Clay, the daughter of a Paris goldsmith, by whom he had five children. The period of the medallist's activity extends between 1677 and 1772, and his works are very numerous; they are variously signed : I. MAVGER. F. ; — MAVGER F. ; — M., &c. His bust of Louis XIV. occurs on many medals with reverses engraved by different artists. Mauger was patronized by the Academy and was principally engaged on the medallic series of Louis XIV. " His works are of bold and vigorous workmanship; many were executed after designs drawn by Sebastian Le Clerc" (Med. I., II, p. 732). It is as well to notice that the dates of the events represented on Mauger's medals hardly ever correspond with those of their execution, and we find that the artist repeated between 1700 and 1703 the whole series of Louis XIV. from 1643 to 1700. In my list of Mauger's productions, I mention first all those that have some connection with English history : Battle of Dunkirk, 1658; — Another; R. by Henri Roussel ; — Cession of Dunkirk, 1662; — Another; R. by Thomas Bernard; — Alliance of France and Holland, 1666; — The English driven from the Island of St. Christopher, 1666 ; — Battle of Solebay, 1672 ; — Louis XIV. receives James II., 1689; — Battle of Fleurus, 1690; — Action off Beachy Head, 1690; — Quebec attacked, 1690; — Capitulation of Mons, 1691 ; — Namur taken, 1692; — Battle of Steinkirk, 1692 (sev. types); — Sea fight off Gibraltar, 1693; — Battle of Landen, 1693; — Expedition to Brest, 1694; — Dunkirk bombarded, 1695; — Indian trade molested, 1695; — Successes of Louis XIV., 1697; — Peace of Ryswick, 1697 (sev. types); — Naval Engagement off Malaga, 1704 ; — Battle of Almanza, 1707; — Toulon relieved, 1707; — Battle of Villa Viciosa, 1710; — Gerona taken, 1711 ; R. by Dassier; — Peace of Utrecht, 1713. Many varieties of legends, types, &c. occur of most of these. The Americans claim the following medals by Mauger in their series : French Conquest of St. Christopher Island, 1666 ; — Victory at Martinique, 1674 (2 var.) ; — Recovery of Cayenne, 1676 (2 var.}; — Victory at Tabago, 1677; — Quebec attacked, 1690 (1 var.) ; — Carthagena recaptured, 1697 (5 var.). Guiffrey's list of Mauger's productions comprises the following : Birth of Louis XIV. (several types), 1638 ; — Death of Louis XIII., 1643 ; — Italy pacified through the French Troops ; — Regency of the Queen Mother, Anne of Austria; — Battle of Rocroy; — Capture of Thionville ; — Capture of Trin and of Sturi Bridge; — Battle of Carthagena (2 var.) ; — Taking of Gravelines, 1644; — Peace of Italy; — The three Engagements of Freiburg; — Capture of thirty Towns ; — Capture of Roses, 1645 (2 var.); — Battle of Nordlingen; — Embassy from Poland; — Campaign of 1645; — Restoration of the Elector of Treves; — Capture of Balaguera; — Thirty-four towns taken; — Capture of Dunkirk, 1646; — Thirteen towns takens; — Capture of Courtrai, Winexbergen and Mardik; — Capture of Piombino and Portulongo; — Eleven towns taken, 1647 ; — Defeat of the Duke of Bavaria, 1648; — Battle of Lens; — Peace of Münster, or Westphalia (sev. var.); — Ypres captured by the French ; — Tortosa taken ; — Siege of Guise raised, 1650; — Condé and Maubeuge taken; — Battle of Rethel; — Successes of the French Troops in Flanders ; — King Louis XIV. attains his majority, 1651 (2 var.); — Return of Louis XIV. to Paris, 1652 ; — Capture of several towns by the French, 1653 ; — Capture of Belfort, 1654; — Coronation of Louis XIV.; — Capture of Stenay ; — Siege of Arras raised ; — Capture of fourteen towns; — Capture of Cadaques and Castillon, 1655 ; — Capture of Landrecy, Condé and St. Ghislain (2 var.); — Establishment of the " Hopital général ", 1656; — Queen Christina of Sweden in Paris; — Capture of Valencia ; — Capture of Kapelle; — Capture of Montmédy, 1657; — Mardik and Saint-Venant taken ; — Battle of the Downs, 1658; — Convalescence of the King (Calais); — Rapidity of the King's victories; — The Spaniards defeated at Dunkirk; — Dunkirk captured for the second time; — French victories on the Scheld; — Capture of Mortare; — Conferences for Peace, 1659 (2 var.) ; — The Citadel of Marseilles, 1660 ; — Peace concluded between France and Spain ; — Interview between Louis XIV. and Philip IV. ; — Marriage of Louis XIV. with Maria Theresia of Austria (sev. var.);— Arrival of Maria Theresia in Paris; — The King rules the State, 1661; — Assiduity of the King at the Councils; — Chamber of Justice; — The King accessible to all his Subjects; — The Secret of the King's Councils; — The Duke of Lorraine renders homage to Louis XIV. ; — Birth of the Dauphin (sev. var.) ; — Creation of the Order of the Knights of Saint-Esprit (in two sizes), 1662 ; — Abolition of duelling; — Precedence; — The Famine of 1662 ; — The Carrousels; — Acquisition of Dunkirk (2 var.); — To the glory of Louis XIV., 1663; — Flourishing state of France; — Foundation of the " Académie des Inscriptions"; — Marsala taken ; — Alliance with the Swiss; — The King's" Motto" ; — Erection of a Pyramid at Rome, 1664; — Engagement of Saint- Gothard ; — Audience granted to the Pontifical Legate ; — Capture of Erfurt (2 var.); — Trade reorganized, 1665; — Madagascar taken ; — Military manoeuvres ; — Death of the Queen Dowager, Anne of Austria, 1666 ; —Prize Medal for attainments in the Arts; — Royal Academy of Sciences; — The Harbour of Cette; — The English driven out of St. Christopher Island; — The Harbour of Rochefort; — France supporting the Netherlands — Clemency of Louis XIV. ; — Douai captured, 1667 ; — Oudenarde taken ; — Sewerage (1666-7-8) ; —The Paris Observatory ; — Junction of the seas (2 var.) ; — Tournai and Courtrai taken ; — Lille taken ; — Courtrai and Oudenarde taken ; — Rout of the Comte de Marsin ; — Capture of Rysel ; — The New Ordinances ; — Victory of the French near Bruges; — Campaign of 1667; — Capture of Besancon, 1668; — Dôle taken ; — Peace of Aix-la Chapelle (2 var.) ; — Conquest of Burgundy in ten days; — Surrender of Burgundy to Spain ; — The Pyramid demolished at Rome ; — Inauguration of Public Lighting, 1669; — Paving the city of Paris; — Security reestablished throughout the Kingdom ; — King Casimir of Poland's visit to Paris ; — Peace of the Church ; — Conquest of Lorraine, 1670; — The Fortifications of Dunkirk, 1671 ; — Naval Victory at Solebay, 1672 ; — Rout of the Dutch troops on the Yssel ; — Campaign of Louis XIV. in the Netherlands; — Capture of Orsoy, Rijnberk, Burich and Wezel (2 var.) ; — Louis XIV. crosses over the Rhine; — Capture of the Dutch frontier fortresses by the French (2 var.) ; — Louis XIV, as Protector of the French Academy; — Hollana subdued (illustrated); — Capture of forty towns in twenty-two days by the French ; — Twelve towns taken ; — Relief of Woerden; — Granaries and Warehouses built; — Siege of Charleroi raised; — Brandenburg repulsed, 1673 (2 var.); — Maestricht taken (3 var.); — The Quadriga, or Second Conquest of Franche-Comté (sev. var.); — Burgundy reconquered; — Besancon taken for the second time ; — Recapture of Dôle; — Engagement of Sinzheim (sev. var.); — Victory over the Germans on the Neckar ; — Battle of Senef ; — Attempt of the Dutch on Martinique ; — Siege of Oudenarde raised ; — Victories over the Germans; — Engagement of Ladenburg; — Battle of Ensheim; — The Security of France and the Dutch fleet; — Retreat of 60,000 Germans over the Rhine, 1675 ; — Defeat of the Spaniards in the straits of Messina; — Capture of Dinant and Huy; — Capture of Limburg ; — Victories of the French near Altenheim (2 var.); — Capture of eighty towns in Catalonia; — Siege of Hagenau raised ; — The Collar of the Order of St. Esprit given to the King of Poland ; — Foundation of the " Invalides ', 1676 ; — Capture of Condé; — Bouchain taken; — Aire taken; — Siege of Maestricht raised ; — Capture of the fort of Cayenne ; — Defeat of the Dutch Fleet under Admiral de Ruyter in Sicilian waters by the French ; — Naval Battle of Agesta ; — Victory of the French fleet near Palermo; — Cambrai taken, 1677; — Saint-Omer taken ; — Siege of Charleroi raised ; — Freiburg taken ; — Tabago taken ; — Saint-Ghislain taken; — Burning of the Dutch fleet at Tabago; — Capture of Valenciennes ; — Victories of the French at Kassel in Flanders; — Peace of Nymwegen, 1678; — Ghent taken; — Capture of the citadel of Ghent ; — Ypres taken ; — Puycerda taken; — Engagement of St. Denis; — Campaign of Louis XIV. near Ghent; — Capture of Lewe by night; — French troops cross the Ghent; — Capture of Lewe by night; — French troops cross the Pyrenees ; — Victories of the French over the Germans ; — Battle of St. -Denis ; — Marriage of Marie-Louise of Austria with Charles II. of Spain, 1679; — Peace between France and Denmark; — Conquest of ten towns in Alsace, 1680; — Marriage of the Dauphin (sev. var.) ; — The Port of Toulon ; — Enlistment of Sailors ; — The Palace of Versailles ; — Construction of Huningen ; — Strassburg taken, 1681 ; — Reduction of Strassburg and Casale ; — The Citadel of Casale surrenders to Louis XIV. ; — Defeat of the Privateers of Chio; — The Port of Brest; — Institution of Cadet Corps, 1682; — The King condemns himself; — Birth of the Duke of Burgundy, father of Louis XV. ; — Fortification of Strassburg, 1683 ; — Redemption of the Captives ; — The King's Apartments ; — Death of Queen Maria-Theresia ; — Courtrai and Dixmunden captured ; — The Coast-guards ; — Birth of the Duke of Anjou (Philip V. of Spain); — Construction of Sarrelouis; — Luxemburg taken by the French, 1684; — Twenty years' Truce concluded between France, Spain and Holland ; — Bombardment of Genoa ; — Peace concluded with Algeria ; — Surrender of three millions to the Spaniards; — Louis XIV. grants an audience to the Doge of Genoa, 1685 ; — Extinction of Heresy, or Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (sev. var.) ; — The destroyed Churches ; — The Pont Royal; — Building of three hundred Churches; — Discovery of the satellites of Saturn ; — Birth of the Duke of Berry ; — Audience granted to the Siamese ambassadors ; — F?tes given at the Paris Hôtel de Ville, 1687 ; — Recovery of Louis XIV. (2 var.) ; — The daughters of Saint-Cyr; — Philipsburg captured by the French, 1688; — Building of Galleys at Marseilles; — The King's commissioners sent to the provinces; — Twenty towns captured on the Rhine by the Dauphin; — James II. received by Louis XIV., 1689; — Capture of Camperdown ; — Battle of Fleurus, 1690; — Destruction of the united English and Dutch fleets on the English coast; — Battle of Staffard (sev. var.); — Naval Victory of the French ; — Medal on the Three Victories ; — The Galleries of the "Hâvre-de-Grâce"; — Conquest of Savoy; — Relief of Quebec; — Mons taken, 1691 ; — Nice taken ; — Capture of Mons and Nice on the same day ; — Battle of Leuze ; — Capture of Montmélian; — Namur taken, 1691; — Engagement of Steinkirk (2 var.); — 150 towns fortified; — Engagement of Pforzheim; — Rewards given to naval Officers, 1693; — Institution of the Order of Saint-Louis; — Second Capture of Roses; — Battle of La Marsaille ; — Capture of Charleroi ; — Veurne (Furnes), and Dixmunden captured by the French ; — Defeat of the Fleet off Smyrna; — Battle of Nerwinden ; — The flourishing Navy; — Defeat of the united English and Dutch Fleets off the coast of Brittany, 1694; — Capture of Gerona; — Palamos taken; — The March of Pont-de-Pierre; — French Victories in Spain; — France provided with corn by the King's care; — Campaign of the Dauphin on the Scheld ; — Seizures made by French Shipowners 1695 ; — The Enemy repulsed at Dunkirk; — Dixmunden and Deinse taken ; — Capture of ships on the Texel, 1696; — The Campaign of 1696 ; — Peace concluded with Savoy; — Ath taken, 1697 ; — Barcelona taken ; — Carthagena (in America) taken ; — France resists Europe ; — Capture of three hundred and fifty towns ; — Peace of Ryswick (sev. var.); — Marriage of the Duke of Burgundy ; — Jeton of Louis Joseph, Duc de Vendôme, 1698 (signed : I. M.) ; — Prosperity of the French arms during a ten years' War; — Ath, Barcelona and Carthagena conquered in the same year; — The Camp of Compi?gne, 1698; — Equestrian statue of the King erected ; — The Duke of Anjou accepts his candidature for the Spanish succession ; — Peace between France and Spain ; — Jetons of the Artillery and Galleys; — Homage of the Duke of Lorraine, 1699 ; — Foundation of Neu-Brisach ; — Jetons of the " Extraordinaire " and " Chambre aux Deniers" ; — The Duke of Anjou proclaimed King of Spain under the name of Philip V., 1700 (illustrated) ; — Philip V. enters Madrid (sev. var.) ; — Concord between the two Kingdoms of Spain and France; — Cremona held by the French ; — Victories of the French and Spaniards at Luzara; — The Sumptuary Laws; — Victory of the French at Friedlingen ; — Law against Idlers; — Chamber of Commerce of Paris ; — Jeton for the Provost of the Merchants of Paris, 1702; — Birth of Prince Louis, son of Leopold and Elizabeth Charlotte of Lorraine, 1704; — Versailles Castle, 1707; — Plan of Strassburg; — The King's motto; — Mansart, French architect; — Bust of Louis XIV. Guiffrey gives lists of the dies and puncheons Mauger had to alter at various times, as late as 1707 and even after that date; also of dies by him not approved of by the Academy. In all over four hundred puncheons are known of this engraver, which however do not represent the whole of his work, as neither his earliest medallic productions nor the latest have been placed on record. Until 1698, the medals of the Louis XIV series were struck in sizes of 30, 32 and 36 " lignes " ; about that time, Abbé Bignon induced Mauger to engrave 200 medals, at 150 livres each, of the size of 18 lignes, which were executed between 1699 and 1703. Bolzenthal remarks that Mauger took the chief part in a series of small medals, principally from Pontchartrain's designs, and from drawings of Coypel's medals, of which in less than seven years he had engraved in steel two hundred and sixty pieces, with the King's bust on all of them, the monarch's likeness, however, being rather poor. In 1702 the artist claimed 1400 livres for seven puncheons, one with the head of Louis XIII. and the other six with that of Louis XIV. at the respective ages of 5, 11, 22, 27, 34 and 42 years, which were to accompany the reverses of the series of 18 lignes (36 mill.) medals. The artist was paid 30.000 livres for work done between 1697 and 1701, but in 1703 he claimed another 38600 livres, and his claim was supported by Abbé Bignon. Mauger never belonged to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, although he appears to have held a distinguished rank among his rivals, Bernard, Chéron, and others. Bibliography. — J. J. Guiffrey, Jean Mauger, Revue numismatique, 1889, pp. 273-309. — Jal, Dictionnaire, &c. — Bolzenthal, op. cit. — Hawkins, Franks & Grueber, Medallic Illustrations, &c. — H. A. Grueber, Guide to the Exhibition of English Medals at the British Museum, 1891 . — Ammon, op. cit. — C. Wyllys Betts, American Colonial History illustrated by contemporary Medals, New York, 1894. — N. Rondot, Les Médailleurs et les Graveurs de monnaies, jetons et médailles en France, 1904. — Catalogus der Nederlandsche en op Nederland betrekking hebbende Gedenkpenningen, 1903. — Van Loon, op. cit., Médailles de Louis le Grand. — Blanchet, Nouveau Manuel de Numismatique, II, Médailles francaises, pp. 388 and 397. — Hildebrand, op. cit. — Cochran-Patrick, Medals of Scotland. — Lepage, op. cit. — Catalogue des poincons, coins et médailles du musée monétaire de Paris. — Catalogue Monnier. — A. de Foville, Les Médailles de l' ancienne collection royale, Paris, 1900.

Source: Biographical dictionary of medallists; coin, gem, and seal-engravers, mint-masters, ancient and modern, with references to their works B.C. 500-A.D. 1900; compiled by L. Forrer, London 1904